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| HS Code | 737877 |
| Product Name | Hydrogen Peroxide |
| Chemical Formula | H2O2 |
| Molecular Weight | 34.0147 g/mol |
| Cas Number | 7722-84-1 |
| Appearance | Very pale blue liquid; colorless in dilute solution |
| Odor | Slightly sharp or pungent |
| Density | 1.11 g/cm3 for 30% solution; 1.45 g/cm3 for pure |
| Melting Point | -0.43 °C (pure) |
| Boiling Point | 150.2 °C (pure, with decomposition) |
| Solubility | Miscible with water |
| Vapor Pressure | 5 mmHg at 25 °C (approximate, pure) |
| Viscosity | 1.245 cP at 20 °C (pure) |
| Ph | About 4.5 for 30% aqueous solution |
| Oxidizing Property | Strong oxidizer |
| Decomposition | Decomposes into water and oxygen, accelerated by heat, light, and catalysts |
| Flash Point | Non-flammable, but supports combustion as an oxidizer |
| Storage Condition | Store in a cool, dark, ventilated area away from combustibles and incompatible materials |
As an accredited Hydrogen Peroxide factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Hydrogen peroxide is packaged in a 1-liter amber HDPE bottle with a child-resistant cap, labeled with hazard warnings. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL: load UN2014 Hydrogen Peroxide in approved IBCs/drums, secure, segregated from combustibles, with ventilation and contamination prevention. |
| Shipping | Hydrogen Peroxide shipping requires UN2014, Class 5.1 oxidizer classification. Use approved vented containers compatible with peroxides, avoiding contamination. Segregate from combustibles, reducing agents, and metals. Protect from heat and sunlight; store cool. Ensure labels, markings, and dangerous goods documentation are complete. Handle with spill-containment measures and emergency response procedures ready. |
| Storage | Store hydrogen peroxide in its original, opaque, tightly sealed container to prevent light exposure and contamination. Keep in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat, flames, and direct sunlight. Separate from combustible materials, reducing agents, organic substances, and metal powders or catalysts, which can cause dangerous decomposition or fire. Avoid shaking or contaminating the solution. |
| Shelf Life | Hydrogen peroxide has a limited shelf life of 6–12 months once opened, degrading faster in light and heat. |
Mechanical pulp brightening consumes the largest tonnage of stabilised hydrogen peroxide in pulp and paper manufacturing. The addition ratio is 1.0–4.0 wt% H₂O₂ on oven-dry thermomechanical or stone groundwood pulp, charged into a high-consistency mixer or impregnator ahead of the bleaching tower at 60–70 °C. The pH is held at 10.5–11.5 for 1.5–3.0 h, and the liquor contains 1.5–4.0 wt% sodium silicate, 0.1–0.3 wt% DTPA, and 0.05–0.2 wt% magnesium sulfate on oven-dry pulp to passivate iron, manganese, and copper ions that otherwise cause catalytic peroxide decomposition and brightness reversion. In chemical pulp ECF/TCF sequences, peroxide is introduced in the alkaline extraction Eop stage at 0.2–1.0 wt% H₂O₂ on oven-dry pulp, with oxygen, sodium hydroxide, and magnesium sulfate at 75–90 °C and 0.3–0.6 MPa for 30–60 min. Compliance is defined by the EU BAT conclusions for pulp, paper and board 2014/687/EU, US EPA 40 CFR Part 430 pulp and paper point-source rules, and World Bank Group EHS Guidelines for pulp and paper mills, with brightness measurement per TAPPI T 452 and ISO 2470-1:2016.
| Bleaching stage | H₂O₂ dose on oven-dry pulp | Alkali and stabiliser charges | Temperature and pressure | Retention |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mechanical pulp brightening | 1.0–4.0 wt% | 1.5–4.0 wt% sodium silicate, 0.1–0.3 wt% DTPA, 0.05–0.2 wt% MgSO₄ | 60–70 °C; pH 10.5–11.5 | 1.5–3.0 h |
| Chemical pulp Eop stage | 0.2–1.0 wt% | NaOH and O₂; MgSO₄ and DTPA | 75–90 °C; 0.3–0.6 MPa | 30–60 min |
On production-scale medium-consistency lines, the peroxide stage is installed between double-shaft mixers, fluidising medium-consistency pumps, and upflow towers followed by disc-filter washing. Uncontrolled peroxide decomposition presents as torque spikes in the medium-consistency pump, steam release in the tower vent, and silicate scale on filtrate piping; these conditions are mitigated by chelant dose control and by limiting tower temperature excursions above 5 °C from set point. Terminal products include newsprint, lightweight coated papers, tissue, coated freesheet, and BCTMP market pulp for board furnishes.
In continuous pad-steam cotton bleaching, 50 wt% hydrogen peroxide is padded at 15–25 mL/L with 10–20 g/L sodium hydroxide, 5–10 g/L of an organophosphonate or silicate-based stabiliser, and 1–2 g/L of a wetting agent at 75–85% wet pickup. The saturated steamer holds the impregnated fabric at 100 °C for 10–20 min, after which counterflow wash boxes remove residual alkali, stabiliser, and decomposition products. This oxygen-based preparation is governed by GOTS 6.0 provisions that prohibit chlorine bleaching while permitting oxygen bleaching, by ZDHC MRSL v3.1 restrictions on chlorinated solvents and APEOs, and by Oeko-Tex Standard 100 finished-textile certification limits. The continuous range includes a two-bowl padder, roller-bed steamer, and six-to-ten compartment counterflow washer. Production experience shows that iron carryover above roughly 1 mg/L in process water produces localised pinhole damage, while silicate stabilisers above 10 g/L accelerate guide-roller scale deposition. Terminal outputs are woven cotton sheeting, knitted jersey, denim, and terry towels.
When metal-finishing wastewater containing soluble chromium, nickel, and complexed organics is treated by Fenton oxidation, 50 wt% hydrogen peroxide is added alongside ferrous sulfate at an H₂O₂:Fe²⁺ molar ratio of 2:1–10:1, with typical peroxide demand of 0.4–1.5 g H₂O₂ per gram COD removed. The reaction is run at pH 2.8–3.5, oxidation-reduction potential 200–400 mV, and hydraulic retention time 20–45 min in a continuously stirred reactor before lime neutralisation to pH 7.0–8.5, polymer flocculation, and clarification. Oil and suspended solids above 200 mg/L reduce hydroxyl-radical availability, and under-dosing of peroxide leaves residual ferrous iron that increases sludge volume and consumes filter-press capacity. Process control instrumentation on production lines monitors ORP and pH at the reactor discharge, because Fenton oxidation is ineffective above pH 4.0 and produces excessive acid consumption below pH 2.5. Compliance testing is performed under US EPA 40 CFR Part 433 Metal Finishing Effluent Guidelines and the EU Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU, with final effluent limits set by sewer-use ordinances or integrated permit conditions. Treated water is discharged to POTW, reused in non-critical rinse stages, or further processed by reverse osmosis; dewatered hydroxide sludge is the terminal solid by-product.
Roll-fed aseptic filling lines rely on 30–35 wt% hydrogen peroxide immersion rather than thermal steam for contact-surface sterilisation of paperboard and polymer film. The packaging web is pulled through a heated peroxide bath at 65–85 °C with contact time 4–15 s, then passed through warm air and hot sterile air knives that reduce residual peroxide on the food-contact surface to 0.5 ppm or below before forming, filling, and sealing. FDA 21 CFR 178.1005 permits this use as an indirect food additive sterilant, while EU framework Regulation 1935/2004 and Commission Regulation 2023/2006 require good manufacturing practice and traceability for food-contact materials. Peroxide consumption is set by web speed, package size, and bath concentration rather than a fixed add-on percentage, with package residue limits determined by validated migration test methods. Production bottlenecks occur when condensate from the bath dilutes peroxide below the validated lower concentration limit, or when air-knife orifice deposits reduce film evaporation. Terminal aseptic packages include UHT milk cartons, juice and dairy HDPE/PET bottles, multilayer pouches, and bag-in-box aseptic bags.
The use of 30–32 wt% hydrogen peroxide in semiconductor wafer cleaning and printed circuit board microetching is governed by trace-metal specifications in SEMI C30-0218, because iron, copper, and aluminium above single-digit parts-per-billion levels catalyse peroxide decomposition and increase surface roughness. The standard RCA SC1 bath is mixed as 1 part 29% ammonium hydroxide, 1 part 30% hydrogen peroxide, and 5 parts deionised water, held at 70–80 °C for 10–15 min per batch, and continuously monitored by conductivity and gas sensors for ammonia and oxygen. In PCB microetch applications, 10–35 g/L hydrogen peroxide is combined with 50–200 g/L sulfuric acid at 20–40 °C and sprayed through horizontal conveyorised modules for 30–120 s, removing 0.5–1.5 µm of copper before dry-film lamination or plating. Bath life is limited by copper accumulation and peroxide decomposition, so production lines use in-line concentration monitoring, automatic replenishment, and ion-exchange copper recovery. The resulting products are silicon wafers for gate-oxide and interconnect fabrication, flat-panel display glass, and rigid-flex HDI printed circuit boards conforming to IPC-6012 qualification and 2011/65/EU RoHS restrictions in subsequent assembly.
In the hydrogen-peroxide-to-propylene-oxide route, 50–70 wt% hydrogen peroxide is reacted with propylene over a titanium silicalite-1 catalyst in methanol within a fixed-bed multi-tubular reactor at 40–60 °C and 25–40 bar. Peroxide is charged at a molar ratio of 1.0–1.2 mol H₂O₂ per mol converted propylene, while excess propylene is recycled, and the aqueous methanol reaction mixture is then stripped to recover propylene oxide, methanol, and water. Selectivity falls when local temperatures exceed the recommended operating range, when concentrated peroxide is contacted with unprotected carbon steel, or when organic impurities and trace metals deactivate the TS-1 catalyst, producing oxygen from peroxide decomposition. Compliance for this route includes REACH 1907/2006 substance and intermediate registration, Seveso III 2012/18/EU quantity thresholds for concentrated oxidising agents, and IEC 61511 safety instrumented systems for peroxide feed and reactor overpressure. Terminal production includes propylene oxide for polyether polyols, propylene glycol ethers, and alkoxylation intermediates.
In CIL/CIP gold circuits, weak acid dissociable cyanide in tailings slurry is oxidised by 50 wt% hydrogen peroxide before the slurry enters the tailings storage facility. The dosing range is 1.5–2.5 kg H₂O₂ per kilogram of weak acid dissociable cyanide, with 10–20 mg/L copper ion as catalyst, pH 9.0–10.5, and retention time 30–90 min in an agitated reactor cascade. Under-dosing leaves residual cyanide that can exceed the 0.5 mg/L weak acid dissociable cyanide limit specified in the International Cyanide Management Code and IFC Mining EHS Guidelines, while over-dosing raises dissolved oxygen and foaming in downstream thickeners. The oxidation converts free and WAD cyanide primarily to cyanate and ammonia, with subsequent polishing oxidation of thiocyanate only at much higher peroxide consumption. The terminal streams are detoxified tailings slurry, reclaimed process water suitable for return to the grinding circuit, and clarified supernatant discharged under site-specific permit conditions.
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Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, CAS 7722-84-1) is supplied as an aqueous oxidising solution in conventional concentrations of 35%, 50%, and 70% w/w. Product designation is based on concentration, stabiliser class, and residue profile rather than on a single proprietary model identifier. Technical-grade 50% stabilised solution, high-strength 70% solution, and low-TOC electronic-grade variants are the principal commercial categories. The 50% solution contains approximately 23.5% active oxygen by mass, calculated from the molecular mass of 34.0147 g/mol. Decomposition is exothermic, with an enthalpy of approximately -98.2 kJ/mol, and yields water and oxygen. Densities at 20°C are approximately 1.11 g/cm³ for 35% solution, 1.19 g/cm³ for 50% solution, and 1.29 g/cm³ for 70% solution. Stabilisation is typically achieved with stannate, phosphate, or organophosphonate packages at low parts-per-million levels, and the pH is maintained in the range 3.0–4.5. For potable-water applications the product is assessed under EN 902:2016; for direct food-contact uses the regulatory basis is FDA 21 CFR 184.1366. Storage requires passivated 316L stainless steel, high-density polyethylene, or passivated aluminium alloy. Carbon steel, copper alloys, brass, bronze, and unpassivated titanium are incompatible.
Representative industrial specifications are shown in Table 1. Batch certificates of analysis remain the controlling document for product acceptance.
| Parameter | 35% w/w technical | 50% w/w technical | 70% w/w high-strength | Electronic grade |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| H₂O₂ mass fraction | 35.0–35.5% | 49.5–50.5% | 69.5–70.5% | 30.0–32.0% |
| Free acid as H₂SO₄ | ≤ 0.05% | ≤ 0.05% | ≤ 0.10% | ≤ 0.003% |
| Residue on evaporation | ≤ 0.10% | ≤ 0.10% | ≤ 0.20% | ≤ 0.001% |
| Stability, relative decomposition at 96°C for 16 h | ≤ 2% | ≤ 2% | ≤ 5% | ≤ 1% |
Alkaline brightening of mechanical, deinked, or recovered fibre employs 50% w/w H₂O₂ at charge rates of 10–30 kg/t oven-dry pulp. Sodium hydroxide is added to reach pH 10.2–11.2, while sodium silicate or magnesium sulphate is dosed as a peroxide stabiliser. The process is run in medium-consistency towers, typically at stock consistency 10–14%, temperature 60–80°C, and retention time 60–120 min. The controlling constraints are alkalinity, transition-metal carryover, and stabiliser consumption. Residual catalase and manganese from recovered fibre can deplete peroxide efficiency by more than 30% unless the furnish is pretreated with chelants or acid. Brightness response is measured under ISO 2470-1. Hydrogen peroxide does not produce chlorinated lignin residues and does not contribute adsorbable organic halides when compared with chlorine dioxide or sodium hypochlorite. However, its delignification selectivity is lower, and high brightness gains require aggressive metal management at the deinking stage. Published data for specific recovered-fibre furnish blends is limited because brightness response depends on initial chromophore load, ash content, and residual surfactant carryover.
In semiconductor front-end cleaning, low-TOC hydrogen peroxide conforming to SEMI C30 is blended with aqueous ammonia or hydrochloric acid to prepare SC1 and SC2 cleaning formulations. A typical SC1 bath operates at 70–80°C with volume ratios of 1:1:5 to 1:2:7 using 29% NH₄OH, 30% H₂O₂, and deionised water. The SC2 bath operates at 70–80°C with a 1:1:5 volume ratio of 37% HCl, 30% H₂O₂, and deionised water. Trace-metal control is critical because copper, iron, and aluminium contamination above 10 ppb can shift oxide etch rates and reduce device yield. The electronic-grade product differs from commodity 50% technical grade by lower residue after evaporation, lower stabiliser addition, and sub-micrometre particle filtration during fill. Reduced stabiliser content shortens bath life under heated recirculation, so bath turnover must be managed against particle and metal accumulation data.
Commercial hydrogen peroxide decomposition is treated as first-order with respect to H₂O₂ under stabilised storage conditions. The rate coefficient increases with temperature, pH above 5, and the concentration of dissolved transition metals. Stabiliser depletion and iron accumulation can shift the system from slow bulk degradation to accelerated oxygen evolution. The stoichiometric gas release from 1 L of 50% w/w solution, assuming density 1.19 g/cm³, is approximately 214 L of oxygen at 25°C and 101.3 kPa. Storage tanks, ISO containers, and day tanks are therefore fitted with relief devices sized for the maximum credible decomposition event, not only for normal transfer displacement. Relief sizing is performed under ISO 4126-1 or API 520 Part I. Breather vents must be protected against insect ingress, frost blockage, and polymer cap degradation. Overflow lines and unloading connections are sloped to avoid low-point accumulation of peroxide. Wetted components are specified in passivated 316L stainless steel, PTFE, EPDM, or high-density polyethylene; Buna-N and nylon components are excluded. The product is incompatible with amine-based additives, which can form amine oxides and release heat in closed systems. Transition-metal catalysts, reducing agents, organic peroxides, and chlorine-containing compounds must be segregated from storage.
In municipal water treatment, 50% H₂O₂ is metered with a controlled-volume diaphragm or peristaltic pump and dispersed through a static mixer. Dosing for oxidation of reduced iron, hydrogen sulfide, and taste-and-odour compounds is typically 0.5–5 mg/L as H₂O₂, depending on influent demand. Sulfide oxidation to elemental sulfur has a stoichiometric requirement of approximately 1.0 mg H₂O₂ per 1.0 mg H₂S; higher ratios drive oxidation toward sulfate. The product is stored in dedicated tanks with secondary containment, and contaminated sample lines are not returned to the storage vessel. Unlike chlorine, hydrogen peroxide introduces no chlorinated disinfection by-products. Unlike ozone, it does not require on-site generation; however, its residual persistence is shorter in warm, alkaline water, and deliberate overdosing is required if a distribution-system residual is intended. Potable-water grade must meet EN 902:2016, with the certificate of analysis controlling arsenic, chromium, lead, and stabiliser identity.
Vapour-phase or liquid immersion sterilisation with 30–35% H₂O₂ is established in aseptic packaging. High-strength 70% product is sometimes diluted on site to reduce freight mass, but the handling system must be engineered for higher oxidative severity. The comparison with peracetic acid involves residue profiles: hydrogen peroxide decomposes to water and oxygen, while peracetic acid leaves acetic acid and may contribute to taint in sensitive products. Aseptic equipment validation is performed under ISO 14937:2009 or national packaging guidelines. Residual H₂O₂ on food-contact surfaces is controlled to applicable food-contact limits. Polymer compatibility is the main constraint. Uncoated aluminium and certain polyamide layers can degrade after repeated exposure to hot peroxide, and published data for specific multilayer barrier constructions is limited; suppliers therefore require coupon testing at the intended temperature, condensation rate, and aeration time. Peroxide vapour concentration, contact time, and package geometry must be validated together, because condensation behaviour on polyolefin surfaces differs from that on foil laminates.
Table 2 compares hydrogen peroxide with liquid oxidants commonly evaluated as alternatives.
| Oxidant | Representative standard reduction potential E° at 25°C (V vs SHE) | Active species | Principal residual | Typical storage and handling issues |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrogen peroxide | 1.78 | H₂O₂ | Water, oxygen | Exothermic catalytic decomposition; incompatible with transition metals and amines |
| Sodium hypochlorite | 1.49 as HOCl | HOCl/OCl⁻ | Chloride, chlorate | Chlorinated by-products; pH-dependent equilibrium |
| Chlorine dioxide | 1.57 | ClO₂ | Chlorite, chlorate | On-site generation usually required; explosive vapour-phase risk |
| Ozone | 2.07 | O₃ | Oxygen | Short lifetime; on-site generation; bromate formation in bromide-containing waters |
| Peracetic acid | 1.81 | CH₃CO₃H | Acetic acid, water, oxygen | Corrosive to copper alloys; low odour threshold |
Operational boundaries for hydrogen peroxide are defined by storage temperature below 40°C, avoidance of direct sunlight, and separation from reducing agents, organic peroxides, strong acids, and chlorine-containing materials. Pump heads, valve seats, and gaskets should be PTFE, EPDM, or passivated stainless steel; Buna-N, nylon, and graphite-loaded packings are incompatible. Mixing with sodium hypochlorite or chlorine-containing compounds is prohibited because chloride can accelerate decomposition and generate heat. For concentrations above 50%, local exhaust ventilation and emergency eyewash or shower equipment are specified under regional chemical handling directives. The product must not be returned from contaminated sample lines to bulk storage, and unloading connections should be dedicated to prevent cross-contamination with other tank-truck chemicals.
