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| HS Code | 338974 |
| Chemical Formula | C3H3N |
| Molecular Weight | 53.06 g/mol |
| Cas Number | 107-13-1 |
| Appearance | colorless liquid |
| Odor | pungent, onion- or garlic-like |
| Density | 0.806 g/cm3 at 20°C |
| Melting Point | -84°C |
| Boiling Point | 77°C |
| Flash Point | -1°C |
| Water Solubility | 73 g/L at 20°C |
| Vapor Pressure | 110 mmHg at 25°C |
As an accredited Acrylonitrile factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Acrylonitrile is packaged in 150 kg steel drums under nitrogen blanketing, with tightly sealed closures and hazard labeling. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL loaded with UN1093 Acrylonitrile in sealed, approved drums, properly secured, labeled, and ventilated per dangerous goods regulations. |
| Shipping | Acrylonitrile ships as UN 1093, a flammable liquid with toxic properties, Packing Group I. It requires inhibitor stabilization, dedicated tank containers or drums, and transport in ventilated, grounded equipment. Use appropriate hazard labels (Class 3/6.1), segregation from incompatible materials, and comply with dangerous goods regulations. |
| Storage | Store acrylonitrile in tightly sealed, grounded containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from sunlight, heat, and ignition sources. Keep separated from oxidizing agents, strong acids, alkalis, and amines. Maintain inhibitor levels to prevent polymerization, and use approved equipment. Ensure proper labeling and secondary containment against leaks. |
| Shelf Life | Store under nitrogen with inhibitor at cool temperature. Shelf life typically one year from manufacture if unopened. |
Acrylonitrile is metered into ABS terpolymer systems at a total monomer charge of 15–35 wt%, with high-heat extrusion grades typically positioned at 25–32 wt% acrylonitrile in the styrene-acrylonitrile matrix and 10–18 wt% in the grafted polybutadiene shell. The addition ratio is determined by the balance among heat deflection temperature, melt viscosity, and nitrile polarity, not by a single target property. In bulk continuous lines, the monomer mixture is preblended in feed tanks and charged to a stirred prepolymerizer at 90–120 °C before phase inversion and finishing in a devolatilizing extruder with L/D 32:1–48:1 and melt temperatures between 200 °C and 240 °C. Injection molding of finished compound is conducted on presses with clamp force from 800 t to 3000 t, with barrel set-point profiles of 210–250 °C and mold surface temperatures of 40–80 °C. The compliance framework for food-contact and consumer articles includes US FDA 21 CFR 177.1020 for acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene copolymers and EU Regulation (EU) No 10/2011, in which residual acrylonitrile monomer is controlled as not detectable at a limit of detection of 0.01 mg/kg in finished plastics. Mechanical characterization on commercial grades is anchored to ISO 1133-1:2022 for melt flow rate and ASTM D638-14 for tensile yield, with typical high-impact ABS grades exhibiting melt volume rates of 5–25 cm³/10 min at 220 °C/10 kg and Charpy notched impact values above 15 kJ/m² at 23 °C. Terminal parts manufactured from these compounds include instrument cluster trim, lower pillar covers, electronic enclosure frames, vacuum cleaner housings, and interlocking toy bricks.
The suitability of styrene-acrylonitrile resin for transparent rigid packaging is governed less by the nominal acrylonitrile loading than by the efficiency of devolatilization after continuous bulk copolymerization. Commercial injection- and blow-molding grades are produced with acrylonitrile feed ratios of 20–33 wt%, with beverage and cosmetic packaging grades concentrated at 24–30 wt%; the exact ratio is selected by reference to residual monomer migration data and tensile modulus specifications rather than a single performance endpoint. The polymerization train consists of a stirred tower reactor operating at 120–180 °C with thermal initiators, followed by a static devolatilizer and vacuum stripping system that reduces residual acrylonitrile monomer to low parts-per-million levels. Pelletized resin is then injection stretch blow molded at melt temperatures of 220–260 °C and mold temperatures of 20–50 °C. Compliance for food-contact articles is evaluated under US FDA 21 CFR 177.1040 for acrylonitrile/styrene copolymers and EU Regulation (EU) No 10/2011, with migration testing performed according to EN 1186-1 and specific acrylonitrile detection at the 0.01 mg/kg limit in aqueous, alcoholic, and acidic food simulants. End-product formats include clear cosmetic jars, refrigerator liners, appliance indicator windows, and disposable medical device housings where lipid resistance and dimensional stability are required.
Nitrile rubber compound design uses acrylonitrile content as the primary polarity controller; elastomer grades span 18–50 wt% acrylonitrile, with low-ACN types selected for low-temperature flexibility and high-ACN types selected for aggressive mineral oil and aromatic fuel resistance. Cold emulsion polymerization at 5–15 °C is the standard production route for low-gel NBR, terminated with shortstop, coagulated, and washed before internal mixing with carbon black, plasticizer, zinc oxide, stearic acid, sulfur or peroxide curatives. Mixing is typically run in an internal mixer at 70–80% fill factor with dump temperatures between 120 °C and 135 °C, followed by two-roll mill setting and compression or injection molding at 160–180 °C for sulfur cure systems. Compliance for automotive sealing applications is specified through ASTM D2000 M2BG or ISO 1629, with physical tests anchored to ISO 37:2017 for tensile properties, ISO 1817 for volume swell, and ISO 11357-2 for glass transition temperature. Low-ACN grades at 18–22 wt% show correspondingly low glass transition temperature but swell more in hydrocarbon oils; high-ACN grades at 40–45 wt% are specified for fuel system diaphragms and shaft seals where volumetric swell in ASTM IRM 903 must remain under 25% after 168 h at 100 °C. Terminal products include lip seals, O-rings, gaskets, timing cover seals, and automotive fuel hose covers.
| ACN content | Glass transition temperature | Volume swell in ASTM IRM 903 | Typical application |
|---|---|---|---|
| 18–22 wt% | −50 °C to −45 °C | 50–70% | low-temperature static seals |
| 28–32 wt% | −40 °C to −35 °C | 30–50% | general-purpose gaskets |
| 34–38 wt% | −30 °C to −25 °C | 20–30% | fuel system seals |
| 40–45 wt% | −20 °C to −15 °C | 10–20% | shaft seals and diaphragms |
When acrylonitrile copolymer is wet-spun into oxidative stabilization precursor, the process window between successful polyacrylonitrile fiber and runaway exotherm is narrow; stabilization ovens must hold air temperature within ±5 °C of set point in the 200–300 °C zone because cyclization and dehydrogenation reactions release heat unevenly along the filament tow. The precursor dope is prepared by solution polymerization in a solvent such as DMSO or NaSCN/H₂O at acrylonitrile feed ratios of 92–98 wt%, with methyl acrylate at 0.5–3 wt% and itaconic acid at 0.5–2 wt% to control cyclization initiation and spin-draw behavior. Spinning proceeds through a dry-jet wet-spinning cell with an air gap of 5–25 mm, coagulation bath temperature of 10–30 °C, and total hot-stretch draw ratios of 5:1–10:1; filament diameter after drawing is typically 5–8 µm. Oxygen permeability and skin-core morphology are governed by spinneret hole size and quench uniformity, not by monomer feed alone. Compliance for aerospace and industrial fibers is anchored to ISO 10618:2004 for carbon fiber resin content and density and ASTM D4018-17 for tensile properties, with precursor fiber often tested by ISO 1889 for tensile strength and elongation. Carbonized tows are converted into unidirectional prepreg, filament-wound hydrogen storage vessels, wind turbine spar caps, and aircraft structural laminates.
Catalytic hydration of acrylonitrile to acrylamide is operated as a fixed-bed or stirred slurry process in which the nitrile group reacts with water over copper chromite or enzyme nitrile hydratase at temperatures between 70 °C and 120 °C; the water-to-acrylonitrile molar ratio is maintained between 1.5:1 and 4:1 to control selectivity and minimize byproduct acrylic acid. Downstream polyacrylamide synthesis uses aqueous monomer solutions at 20–40 wt% concentration, with acrylamide/acrylic acid comonomer feed ratios from 60:40 to 90:10 for anionic flocculants; the addition ratio determines charge density, molecular weight response, and final solution viscosity. Production routes include adiabatic gel polymerization initiated by redox systems, followed by drying and grinding, or inverse emulsion polymerization for high molecular weight emulsions with particle sizes below 1 µm. Compliance for drinking water treatment chemicals is assessed under NSF/ANSI/CAN 60, with residual acrylamide monomer in the finished polymer controlled below 0.05% in many national standards; EU users additionally apply REACH obligations for acrylamide as a substance of very high concern. Terminal applications include municipal sludge dewatering, papermaking retention and drainage agents, oilfield enhanced oil recovery polymers, and mineral processing thickeners.
Electrolytic hydrodimerization converts acrylonitrile to adiponitrile at a catholyte feed concentration of 10–30 wt% acrylonitrile in aqueous quaternary ammonium electrolytes, with process temperature controlled between 40 °C and 60 °C and pH held in the 7–9 range to suppress propionitrile formation. The cell stack uses bipolar membranes and turbulent catholyte flow to maintain current efficiency; published production-scale data for this specific configuration is limited because the butadiene-based route now supplies a larger share of global adiponitrile capacity. Compliance is managed under REACH and local emission directives rather than food-contact regimes because adiponitrile is an intermediate, not a finished polymer additive. Adiponitrile is hydrogenated to hexamethylenediamine with a typical yield above 95%, then combined with adipic acid to produce polyamide 6,6 resin. Terminal product types derived from this chain include automotive under-hood connectors, radiator end tanks, carpet fiber, tire cord, and engineering thermoplastic stock shapes.
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Acrylonitrile, CAS 107-13-1, UN 1093, is a polymerisable vinyl monomer with the molecular formula C3H3N and molecular weight 53.06 g/mol. The product is a colourless, mobile liquid at ambient temperature with a normal boiling point of 77.3 °C at 101.3 kPa, melting point -83.5 °C, density 0.806 g/cm³ at 20 °C, vapour pressure 11.3 kPa at 20 °C, and water solubility of 7.35 g/100 mL at 20 °C. Commercial production is dominated by propylene ammoxidation in fluidised-bed reactors using bismuth molybdate or iron antimonate catalysts. The monomer is supplied primarily in fibre-grade and polymer-grade qualities: fibre-grade acrylonitrile is directed to acrylic fibre and polyacrylonitrile precursor operations, while polymer-grade acrylonitrile is used for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, and nitrile rubber synthesis. A technical-grade stream may be segregated during plant startups or product transitions for nitrile derivative manufacture where trace nitrile homologues do not interfere with downstream chemistry. Unlike acetonitrile, which is a saturated nitrile solvent lacking polymerisable functionality, acrylonitrile contains both a polar nitrile group and a conjugated vinyl group; this structural combination permits radical and anionic polymerisation but requires stabilisation against spontaneous thermal polymerisation.
Producer certificates of analysis for polymer-grade acrylonitrile typically define monomer purity by gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection and limit water, acetonitrile, hydrogen cyanide, acetone, and colour. Fibre-grade material differs from polymer-grade primarily in stricter iron limits, because metal contamination disturbs coagulation and precursor drawability, while polymer-grade specifications are tightened on acetonitrile and hydrogen cyanide because these nitrile impurities affect radical polymerisation kinetics and polymer molecular weight distribution. The representative limits shown below are drawn from commercial supply specifications and are not universal; individual producer values may differ by 10–20 % on trace impurity allowances.
| Parameter | Method | Typical control range |
|---|---|---|
| Acrylonitrile purity | Gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection | ≥99.5 wt% |
| Water | ASTM E203-16 | ≤0.5 wt% |
| Acetonitrile | Gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection | ≤100 mg/kg |
| Hydrogen cyanide | Ion-selective electrode or titrimetry | ≤5 mg/kg |
| Acetone | Gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection | ≤50 mg/kg |
| Colour | ASTM D1209-05(2019) | ≤10 APHA |
| Monohydroquinone methyl ether inhibitor | High-performance liquid chromatography | 35–45 mg/kg |
| pH | Potentiometric after water extraction | 6.0–7.5 |
In commercial practice, batch-to-batch water variance above 0.3 wt% in emulsion feeds has been identified as a source of conversion reproducibility drift in nitrile rubber reactors. Control of inhibitor concentration is also critical: levels below 30 mg/kg may fail to suppress spontaneous polymerisation during storage excursions, while levels above 50 mg/kg can retard intended polymerisation and increase initiator demand. Storage vessels are typically fabricated from stainless steel or lined carbon steel and are maintained below 25 °C to limit dimer formation and maintain inhibitor activity.
In emulsion polymerisation trains producing nitrile rubber, acrylonitrile content is controlled between 18 wt% and 50 wt% by adjusting reactor feed composition and conversion staging. High-acrylonitrile nitrile rubber grades show increased glass transition temperature and reduced fuel permeability; typical glass transition values move from approximately -45 °C at 18 % acrylonitrile to -20 °C at 50 % acrylonitrile. Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and styrene-acrylonitrile resins are compounded on co-rotating twin-screw extruders with L/D ratios of 32:1 to 44:1 and barrel temperatures between 210 °C and 260 °C. Melt flow rates are routinely measured according to ISO 1133-1:2022 at 220 °C and 10 kg load; commercial extrusion grades typically fall between 5 cm³/10 min and 35 cm³/10 min depending on rubber phase content. Residual monomer must be stripped below 50 mg/kg in devolatilisation extruders operating at 20–40 kPa absolute to prevent bubble formation in pelletised resin. Injection moulding operations using ABS with clamp forces near 0.5–0.8 tonnes/cm² of projected area require process temperature control within ±5 °C of the recommended melt temperature to avoid splay and surface defects linked to residual volatiles.
Polyacrylonitrile precursor for carbon fibre is produced from fibre-grade acrylonitrile with comonomers such as methyl acrylate or itaconic acid at 1–5 wt%. The comonomer disrupts nitrile dipole packing and lowers cyclization onset temperature, broadening the exotherm during oxidative stabilisation. Wet-spinning dopes in dimethyl sulfoxide or zinc chloride aqueous solution are maintained at 18–25 wt% solids; spinneret draw ratios in the coagulation bath range from 1.2 to 2.0 at bath temperatures of 20–55 °C. After washing and drawing, precursor tow is oxidised in air ovens at 200–300 °C under tension of 1–3 cN/tex. Ramp rates of 0.5–2.0 K/min are used to manage the cyclization exotherm; deviation above 300 °C during oxidative stabilisation can create core-skin defects and reduce final fibre tensile strength. Carbonisation in nitrogen at 1000–1500 °C produces PAN-based carbon fibre with tensile strengths of 3.5–5.5 GPa and tensile moduli of 230–400 GPa for standard and high-strength grades. Iron above 0.5 mg/kg in the starting monomer is a known cause of spinneret filter pressure increase and filament breakage on commercial wet-spinning lines. Water content above 0.1 wt% in the monomer feed can also shift dope viscosity and necessitate adjustments in coagulation bath concentration to maintain round filament cross-section.
Electrolytic hydrodimerisation of acrylonitrile to adiponitrile has been operated commercially using aqueous electrolyte systems, although modern hexamethylenediamine capacity is increasingly supplied through butadiene-based routes. Acrylonitrile is also hydrated to acrylamide using nitrile hydratase biocatalysis at monomer feeds of 10–20 wt%, with immobilised copper-containing biocatalysts operated at pH 6.5–7.5 and temperatures of 5–15 °C. This difference in use chemistry separates acrylonitrile from acetonitrile and methacrylonitrile: acetonitrile is principally a reaction and extraction solvent, while methacrylonitrile is used only in specialised copolymer synthesis where its slower propagation and higher heat resistance are required.
While methacrylonitrile contains the same nitrile function as acrylonitrile, the alpha-methyl substitution changes copolymerisation kinetics and thermal behaviour. Methacrylonitrile has CAS 126-98-7, molecular weight 67.09 g/mol, normal boiling point 90.3 °C, and density 0.800 g/cm³ at 20 °C. In nitrile elastomer synthesis, methacrylonitrile exhibits lower propagation rate and higher chain transfer than acrylonitrile, which extends reaction time or raises initiator loading in emulsion processes. The resulting copolymers generally display higher heat resistance, but standard nitrile rubber grades continue to use acrylonitrile because polar nitrile content of 33–50 wt% delivers the required oil resistance without excessive loss of low-temperature sealing performance. Methacrylonitrile incorporation at equivalent oil-swell resistance may raise glass transition temperature beyond acceptable limits for automotive cold-start applications. The table below includes acetonitrile to illustrate why a non-polymerisable nitrile solvent cannot replace a vinyl nitrile monomer.
| Property | Acrylonitrile | Methacrylonitrile | Acetonitrile |
|---|---|---|---|
| CAS number | 107-13-1 | 126-98-7 | 75-05-8 |
| Molecular weight | 53.06 g/mol | 67.09 g/mol | 41.05 g/mol |
| Normal boiling point | 77.3 °C | 90.3 °C | 81.6 °C |
| Density at 20 °C | 0.806 g/cm³ | 0.800 g/cm³ | 0.786 g/cm³ |
| Water solubility | 7.35 g/100 mL | 2.6 g/100 mL | Miscible |
| Polymerisable vinyl group | Yes | Yes, with slower propagation | No |
Because acrylonitrile is classified as flammable liquid category 2 with flash point -5 °C and explosive limits of 3.0–17.0 vol%, closed transfer systems with vapour recovery are required. The US OSHA standard 29 CFR 1910.1045 sets an 8-hour time-weighted permissible exposure limit of 2 ppm and a 15-minute ceiling of 10 ppm; the action level is 1 ppm. Under EU REACH Regulation 1272/2008, acrylonitrile is classified as Flam. Liq. 2, Acute Tox. 3, and Carc. 1B. Nitrile gloves alone do not provide adequate dermal protection because acrylonitrile permeates nitrile glove materials; laminated film or polyvinyl alcohol gloves are specified for maintenance activities. The inhibitor monohydroquinone methyl ether at 35–45 mg/kg requires dissolved oxygen to remain effective. Inert-gas blanketing without oxygen deactivates the inhibitor and can permit violent polymerisation. Copper and copper alloys must be avoided in transfer lines and instrument wetted parts because copper ions catalyse acrylonitrile polymerisation. Bulk storage is maintained below 25 °C to limit exothermic runaway risk and dimer formation; temporary exposure above 30 °C must be controlled by refrigeration and monitored by temperature alarms.
