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| HS Code | 358057 |
| Chemical Formula | C3H6O |
| Iupac Name | Propan-2-one |
| Molar Mass | 58.08 g/mol |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Density | 0.7845 g/cm3 at 25°C |
| Melting Point | -95°C |
| Boiling Point | 56°C |
| Flash Point | -20°C (closed cup) |
| Autoignition Temperature | 465°C |
| Solubility In Water | Miscible |
| Refractive Index | 1.3588 at 20°C |
| Vapor Pressure | 30.6 kPa at 25°C |
| Viscosity | 0.32 mPa·s at 20°C |
As an accredited Acetone factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Acetone is supplied in 500 mL amber glass bottles with leak-proof caps, clearly labeled with hazard and safety information. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Acetone is loaded as a full 20-foot container load, with proper UN 1090 labeling, ventilation, segregation, and secure bracing. |
| Shipping | Acetone (UN1090) is a flammable liquid, Hazard Class 3, Packing Group II. Ship it in properly grounded, sealed containers with hazard labels. Segregate from oxidizers and strong acids. Comply with DOT, IATA, or IMDG regulations, including documentation, placarding, and limited quantity provisions where applicable. |
| Storage | Store acetone in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat, sparks, and open flames. Keep containers tightly closed and properly grounded to prevent static discharge. Use only compatible materials, such as metal or glass; avoid some plastics. Separate from oxidizers and strong acids. Ensure storage area is clearly labeled, spill-containment equipped, and approved for flammable liquids. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life of acetone is typically 2–5 years when stored sealed, away from heat, light, and ignition sources. |
Solvent-borne nitrocellulose wood lacquers and flexographic inks formulated for 20–40 °C shop application use acetone as a fast-evaporating true solvent rather than a latent diluent. The acetone addition ratio is constrained to 15–40 wt% of the total volatile solvent package; below 15 wt% nitrocellulose viscosity remains dependent on slower ester and ketone solvents, while above 40 wt% closed-cup flash point and evaporative losses during bead milling exceed safe handling limits. Compliance for volatile content is measured according to ASTM D2369-20, ISO 11890-2:2020, and U.S. EPA Method 24, with site-level thresholds tied to EU Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU where the coating is applied in regulated plants. Downstream production normally pre-wets nitrocellulose in acetone and an oxygenated co-solvent before transferring the swollen flake to a high-speed disperser operating at a tip speed of 15–25 m/s; pigment concentrates are subsequently ground in a bead mill, let down with the remaining solvent blend, and filtered through 10–25 μm bag filters before air-assisted spray application. Terminal product types include wood furniture lacquers, fast-dry flexographic and gravure inks, and low-bake automotive refinish basecoats. The process boundary is the -20 °C closed-cup flash point and the tendency for evaporative cooling to drop the wet film below the dew point, producing blushing at relative humidity above 60 % unless n-butyl acetate or another retarder is added.
Purification of heat-sensitive active pharmaceutical ingredients through liquid antisolvent crystallization uses acetone as a water-miscible Class 3 solvent under ICH Q3C, with a permissible daily exposure of 50 mg/day and a residual solvent limit of 5000 ppm in the final drug substance. In seeded batch crystallizers the acetone-to-aqueous antisolvent ratio is typically maintained between 1:2 and 1:10 by volume, while seed loading is held at 0.5–2.0 wt% to suppress primary nucleation and reduce batch-to-batch crystal size variance. The downstream operation begins by dissolving the crude solute in acetone or an acetone/water mixture at 40–50 °C, followed by a 0.2 μm polish filter and controlled antisolvent addition into a crystallizer equipped with a retreat-curve impeller; supersaturation is ramped so that it remains between 1.1 and 1.5, avoiding an uncontrolled nucleation burst. Isolation on a peeler centrifuge and vacuum drying at 40–50 °C continue until headspace gas chromatography meets the USP <467> limit. Terminal product types include crystalline drug substances and advanced intermediates where acetone is selected as the antisolvent for low-temperature purification. The operational boundary is process safety driven: all crystallizer drives, discharge valves, and solvent receivers must be explosion-proof because acetone is flammable, and premature arrest of vacuum drying can leave residual acetone that plasticizes amorphous API fractions.
Bisphenol-A production is run with a phenol-to-acetone molar feed ratio of 4:1 to 10:1, substantially above the 2:1 stoichiometric ratio, so that acetone addition ratio in the reactor loop is low and formation of para,para-BPA remains selective over oligomeric side streams. Compliance for food-contact polycarbonate derived from the monomer is assessed under 21 CFR 177.1580 and EU Regulation 10/2011; specific migration of BPA into food simulants is limited to 0.05 mg/kg when tested according to EN 1186-1:2002 and EN 13130-1:2004. The condensation process uses a fixed-bed reactor charged with sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene resin, jacketed to hold 60–90 °C; excess phenol acts as both reactant and heat-sink, while acetone is introduced through side injection to avoid localized high acetone concentration. Effluent then enters a series of distillation and cooling crystallization steps in which a 1:1 phenol/BPA adduct is separated and dissociated under vacuum before final prilling or flaking. Terminal product types include optical-grade polycarbonate resin, epoxy resin, and BPA-derived comonomers for high-temperature thermoplastics. The critical limitation is acetone feed quality: water introduced with acetone deactivates sulfonic acid sites, and reaction by-product water must be continuously removed or the acetone conversion per pass falls; published data for exact deactivation rates in this specific configuration are limited, so licensor-specific drying criteria typically govern the acetone feed specification.
Methyl methacrylate production by the acetone cyanohydrin route consumes acetone at the front-end hydrocyanation step, where the acetone-to-hydrogen cyanide molar feed ratio is held between 1:1.02 and 1:1.05; published mass-balance data place acetone consumption at 0.67–0.72 metric tons per metric ton of monomer, excluding recycle. Downstream polymethyl methacrylate complies with ISO 7823-1:2003 for cast sheet and ASTM D4802-16 for unfilled acrylic shapes, while the monomer itself is registered under REACH EC 1907/2006. The production sequence first reacts acetone with hydrogen cyanide in a chilled stirred-tank reactor at 20–30 °C under mild alkaline conditions; the resulting acetone cyanohydrin is then decomposed with concentrated sulfuric acid in jacketed reactors at 130–150 °C, esterified with methanol, and purified through multi-stage vacuum distillation. Terminal product types include cast and extruded polymethyl methacrylate sheet, acrylic surface coatings, acrylic impact modifiers, and polymer dispersions. The critical operational boundary is thermal instability of acetone cyanohydrin: the intermediate must remain cool and neutral before acid cracking, while any recycled acetone containing water or alkaline carryover must be dried and neutralized before returning to the hydrocyanation section to avoid reverse decomposition and dangerous free cyanide evolution.
Neat acetone meeting ASTM D329-20 is used in precision cleaning, with the addition ratio in wiping and immersion operations held at 100 vol%; when slower evaporation is required in open-top ultrasonic lines, a blend of 70–90 vol% acetone with isopropanol is substituted. Surface cleanliness prior to adhesive bonding is assessed against ISO 8501-1:2007 for metal substrates, while aerospace processors supplement this with in-house specifications that define particle count and non-volatile residue limits. In vapour degreasing, the solvent is maintained at 56.2 °C and parts are held in the vapour zone above a freeboard ratio of at least 0.7; ultrasonic immersion equipment operating at 40 kHz removes particulate contamination before a final acetone rinse from a pressurized dispensing wand. Terminal product types include aluminum airframe skins and titanium fasteners prepared for structural adhesive bonding, stainless steel instruments before passivation, and precision optical lens mounts. Acetone is incompatible with polycarbonate, acrylic, and flexible PVC surfaces, and the -20 °C closed-cup flash point requires explosion-proof pumps, static grounding straps, and local exhaust ventilation over open tanks.
Nail polish remover formulations use acetone at 70–100 vol%, with water, glycerin, and denatonium benzoate added at a combined loading below 5 wt%; the low acetone viscosity of 0.31 mPa·s at 25 °C eliminates the need for high-shear mixing. Finished cosmetic products in the EU are placed under EC 1223/2009, and US labeling follows 21 CFR 701. Production uses stainless steel mixing vessels under nitrogen blanketing, with explosion-proof diaphragm pumps and filling lines configured for high-density polyethylene or glass containers. Terminal product types include bottled nail polish removers, pre-saturated lint pads, and single-use nail prep wipes for professional salons. The main boundary condition is flammability during filling and storage; acetone also defats the nail plate and surrounding skin, which is why anhydrous formulations commonly include a humectant at the low addition ratio stated above.
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Acetone (CAS 67-64-1; 2-propanone; CH3COCH3; molar mass 58.08 g/mol) is a low-boiling, polar aprotic ketone supplied in technical, ACS reagent, USP, and electronic-grade designations. At 20 °C, the liquid exhibits density of 0.790 g/cm³ under ASTM D4052, kinematic viscosity of 0.400 mm²/s under ISO 3104, dynamic viscosity of 0.316 mPa·s, vapor pressure of 24.7 kPa, closed-cup flash point of −17 °C under ASTM D56, and autoignition temperature of 465 °C under ASTM E659. The flammable range is 2.5 vol% to 12.8 vol% under ASTM E681. Acetone is miscible with water and most polar organic solvents, but solubility in high-boiling aliphatic hydrocarbons is limited. The product is classified as UN 1090, Class 3, Packing Group II. Under United States occupational exposure limits, the 8-h time-weighted average is 1000 ppm for OSHA PEL and 250 ppm for NIOSH REL.
Commercial technical-grade acetone is ordered against ASTM D329, the standard specification for acetone. The specification controls water content, distillation range, acidity, nonvolatile residue, and permanganate time. Pharmaceutical extraction uses USP acetone with a separate monograph. Electronic-grade material is not governed by a single ASTM or ISO electronic-grade standard; the purchase specification is instead based on lot-specific ICP-MS metal data, with sodium, potassium, iron, copper, and zinc commonly requested at or below 1.0 ppb. Representative technical-grade limits are shown in the following table.
| Parameter | Representative limit | Reference method |
|---|---|---|
| Acetone assay | ≥ 99.5 wt% | ASTM D329 |
| Water content | ≤ 0.5 wt% | ASTM E203 |
| Density 20 °C/20 °C | 0.791–0.793 g/cm³ | ASTM D4052 |
| Distillation range | 55.5–56.5 °C at 101.3 kPa | ASTM D1078 |
| Acidity as acetic acid | ≤ 0.002 wt% | ASTM D1613 |
| Nonvolatile residue | ≤ 0.005 g/100 mL | ASTM D1353 |
| Color, Pt-Co | ≤ 5 APHA | ASTM D1209 |
| Permanganate time | ≥ 30 min at 25 °C | ASTM D1363 |
Reagent-grade acetone is used in preparative chromatography and distillation cleaning because the nonvolatile residue limit is lower than technical grade. For gas chromatographic residue analysis, the solvent must be free of phthalates and nonvolatile plasticizers; the 0.005 g/100 mL technical limit is not always sufficient, and ACS reagent material with residue after evaporation below 0.001% is selected. Lot-specific organic purity is confirmed by capillary GC-FID; water is determined by ASTM E203; and residue is determined by evaporation in a platinum dish under ASTM D1353.
Acetone is distinguished from methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethyl acetate, and isopropanol primarily by lower molar mass, higher vapor pressure, complete water miscibility, and a higher polar Hansen solubility parameter. These properties control evaporative drying, viscosity reduction, and extraction behavior. The following table compares the bulk liquid properties used in solvent selection for coating and cleaning operations.
| Property | Acetone | MEK | MIBK | Ethyl acetate | Isopropanol |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAS registry | 67-64-1 | 78-93-3 | 108-10-1 | 141-78-6 | 67-63-0 |
| Molar mass, g/mol | 58.08 | 72.11 | 100.16 | 88.11 | 60.10 |
| Boiling point at 101.3 kPa, °C | 56.05 | 79.6 | 116.8 | 77.1 | 82.5 |
| Vapor pressure at 20 °C, kPa | 24.7 | 10.5 | 2.1 | 10.0 | 4.4 |
| Closed-cup flash point, °C | −17 | −4 | 14 | −4 | 12 |
| Autoignition temperature, °C | 465 | 404 | 449 | 427 | 399 |
| Density at 20 °C, g/cm³ | 0.790 | 0.805 | 0.802 | 0.902 | 0.785 |
| Dynamic viscosity at 20 °C, mPa·s | 0.316 | 0.43 | 0.58 | 0.455 | 2.3 |
| Water solubility at 20 °C | miscible | 27.5 g/100 g | 1.9 g/100 g | 8.3 g/100 g | miscible |
| Relative evaporation rate, n-butyl acetate = 1.0 | 6.3 | 3.8 | 1.5 | 4.1 | 1.7 |
Acetone has a Hansen polar component of 10.4 MPa1/2 and hydrogen-bonding component of 7.0 MPa1/2, compared with MEK polar component of 9.0 MPa1/2 and ethyl acetate polar component of 5.3 MPa1/2. The higher polar component of acetone promotes solvency for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, and uncured unsaturated polyester resin, but it also increases sensitivity to water uptake. In liquid-liquid extraction where an organic phase must reject water, acetone is not interchangeable with ethyl acetate, MEK, or MIBK because complete water miscibility prevents clean phase separation. In coatings, acetone delivers faster vapor pressure and evaporation rate than MEK and MIBK; dry time is therefore shorter, but blushing risk at relative humidity above 65% is higher unless a slower co-solvent is incorporated at 5–15 wt% of the solvent blend. The closed-cup flash point of −17 °C also places acetone in a more restrictive flammable-liquid storage category than MIBK at 14 °C.
Because acetone vapor pressure at 20 °C is 24.7 kPa, headspace in a sealed drum at 40 °C can exceed atmospheric pressure and requires vented storage. MEK and ethyl acetate generate lower headspace pressures at the same temperature, which simplifies storage in warm areas. In spray-booth emission control, acetone’s high evaporation rate increases solvent loading on carbon adsorbers but also lowers lower-explosive-limit safety margins if ventilation is underdesigned. Selection of acetone over MEK or ethyl acetate therefore balances fast drying against the cost of vapor containment.
In methyl methacrylate production, acetone is converted to acetone cyanohydrin by reaction with hydrogen cyanide in a base-catalysed continuous stirred-tank reactor. The stoichiometric feed ratio is 1.00 mol HCN per 1.00 mol acetone. Temperature is held at 30–50 °C and pH is controlled between 7.0 and 8.5. This processing window is narrow; low pH inhibits cyanohydrin formation, while high pH promotes aldol condensation of acetone and reduces selectivity. The reactor requires external cooling and separate feed nozzles or static-mixer injection to avoid localized cyanide excess. In bisphenol A production, acetone reacts with phenol over an acid catalyst at 50–80 °C; the phenol-to-acetone molar ratio is maintained between 4.0:1 and 8.0:1 to drive conversion and reduce by-product formation. Both processes require low water in acetone feed because water introduces acid dilution and can shift condensation equilibria.
In high-shear lacquer dispersion, acetone is added as a fast solvent to lower blend viscosity. At 25 °C, acetone dynamic viscosity is 0.306 mPa·s, whereas MIBK is 0.58 mPa·s; on a mass basis, acetone therefore reduces formulation viscosity more rapidly than MIBK in resin concentrates. The relative evaporation rate of acetone by ASTM D3539 is 6.3 with n-butyl acetate equal to 1.0. On a vertical dip line operating at 22 °C and 65% relative humidity, rapid evaporative cooling can pull panel surface temperature below the dew point and cause blushing; MEK or MIBK is added at 5–15 wt% to slow solvent release and reduce condensation. Acetone cleans uncured unsaturated polyester resin from FRP tooling but does not dissolve cured crosslinked resin; it is used immediately before layup because evaporation from open containers changes water content and flash point.
Solvent recovery equipment for acetone is designed for explosion protection and moisture exclusion. The vapor space in a recovery decanter is held below 25% LEL, corresponding to 0.625 vol% acetone, by nitrogen pad or forced ventilation. Zone classification is performed under DIN EN 60079-10-1. Distillation recovery at atmospheric pressure is conducted with a column head temperature near 56.05 °C. Activated carbon adsorption beds require airflow monitoring because adsorption exotherm increases bed temperature and can initiate oxidation if ketone concentration is high. Vessel and piping materials are 316L stainless steel or PTFE-lined carbon steel; high-density polyethylene and polypropylene are acceptable at ambient temperature but require permeation testing above 40 °C. Elastomer selection is governed by ASTM D471 immersion data; EPDM and natural rubber swell markedly in acetone, while PTFE, FFKM, and 316L stainless steel are specified for continuous service.
Acetone used to flush polyurethane spray-foam and polyurea equipment must meet water limits below 0.1 wt%, because water reacts with isocyanate to form carbamic acid and then amine and CO2, increasing viscosity and generating gas pockets. Technical-grade acetone at ≤ 0.5 wt% water is therefore insufficient for moisture-sensitive flushing unless dried by molecular sieve or purchased as a lower-water grade. In open drums at relative humidity above 60%, acetone absorbs atmospheric water and reaches equilibrium moisture rapidly; closed transfer with nitrogen pad and sealed dip-tube is required. Acetone also reacts with strong oxidizers, and contact with hydrogen peroxide under acid conditions generates explosive cyclic acetone peroxide. Oxidizing process environments therefore require segregated dedicated stainless steel lines, not shared solvent piping with peroxide or hypochlorite streams.
In adhesive bonding preparation, acetone is applied as a final wipe after alkaline degreasing and deionized water rinse. The nonvolatile residue limit of 0.005 g/100 mL in ASTM D329 supports residue-sensitive bonding if the lot is verified by lot-specific residue test; however, water absorbed from ambient air can remain on the surface and interfere with moisture-curing cyanoacrylate or polyurethane adhesives. Bond surfaces wiped with acetone are therefore dried with oil-free compressed air at 35 °C and immediately processed. Published data for specific adhesive compatibility with acetone-wiped surfaces is limited; qualification is by lot-specific nonvolatile residue, water content, and adhesive shear strength testing under ASTM D1002 or the relevant bond-specific standard.
