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| HS Code | 288665 |
| Chemical Formula | (C2H3Cl)n |
| Appearance | White or colorless rigid powder/granules |
| Density | 1.35–1.45 g/cm³ |
| Tensile Strength | 35–60 MPa |
| Flexural Modulus | 2.1–3.5 GPa |
| Glass Transition Temperature | 80–85 °C |
| Maximum Continuous Service Temperature | 60–70 °C |
| Thermal Decomposition Temperature | ~200 °C with HCl release |
| Volume Resistivity | 10^14–10^16 Ω·cm |
| Dielectric Constant | 3.2–3.6 at 1 MHz |
| Limiting Oxygen Index | 45–50% self-extinguishing |
| Water Absorption | 0.05–0.1% per 24 h immersion |
| Chemical Resistance | Resistant to inorganic acids, alkalis, and many hydrocarbons; soluble in ketones and esters |
As an accredited Ethylene‑based Polyvinyl Chloride factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Supplied as 25 kg sealed multi-wall bags. White ethylene-based polyvinyl chloride resin, protected from moisture and contamination for safe handling. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL container loading of ethylene-based polyvinyl chloride ensures secure, dry transport of packaged resin, preventing moisture and contamination. |
| Shipping | Ethylene‑based Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) resin is shipped as dry powder or pellets in sealed bags, bulk bags, or hopper containers. Protect from moisture, direct sunlight, and heat. Avoid dust accumulation and ignition sources; use grounded equipment to prevent static discharge. Proper labeling and ventilation ensure safe transport. |
| Storage | Ethylene‑based Polyvinyl Chloride should be stored in a cool, dry, well‑ventilated area away from direct sunlight, UV radiation, and heat sources. Keep containers tightly sealed to prevent moisture absorption. Avoid dust accumulation and contact with incompatible materials like strong oxidizers. Maintain stable temperatures to prevent degradation and ensure product quality. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is typically 2–5 years if stored properly, away from heat, moisture, and UV light. |
Ethylene-sourced suspension PVC homopolymer with K-value 66–68 for pipe extrusion and 55–58 for injection-moulded fittings is dry-blended in a hot/cool mixer at 115–125 °C and 40–50 °C before gravity feeding to counter-rotating twin-screw extruders with screw diameters 60–130 mm and L/D ratios 24–26. Melt temperature is held at 190–195 °C because the dehydrochlorination rate accelerates sharply above 205 °C, producing HCl that attacks downstream equipment and creates localised black specks. The formulation for potable water pipe is set at 100 phr resin, 0.8–2.0 phr calcium–zinc stabiliser, 0.6–1.5 phr paraffin and oxidised polyethylene wax lubricant, 0–1.5 phr acrylate processing aid, 0.5–1.0 phr rutile titanium dioxide, and 2–10 phr calcium carbonate. Non-pressure sewer and conduit compounds tolerate 10–30 phr calcium carbonate and require only 0.5–1.2 phr stabiliser, whereas injection-moulded fittings incorporate 3–6 phr acrylic impact modifier to satisfy impact resistance requirements. Downstream processing includes vacuum degassing at -0.08 MPa on the vent port, pipe die zones from 185 °C to 205 °C, submerged vacuum calibration at -0.06 to -0.09 MPa, and haul-off speed matched to wall thickness. Injection moulding of fittings uses multi-cavity tools with clamp force in the range 1,500–2,500 kN and melt temperature not exceeding 200 °C to limit gate-area degradation. Compliance is assessed under ISO 1452-1 and ISO 1452-2 for potable water mains, EN 1401-1 for gravity sewer, ASTM D1785 for Schedule 40/80 pipe, ISO 1167-1 for long-term hydrostatic strength, ISO 2505 for longitudinal reversion, and ASTM D638-14 for tensile yield. Terminal products include potable water distribution mains, underground sewer pipe, electrical conduit, and injection-moulded couplings and tees. Table 1 summarises the formulation gradient across rigid pressure and non-pressure products.
| Component (phr) | Potable pressure pipe | Non-pressure sewer/conduit | Injection-moulded fittings |
|---|---|---|---|
| PVC resin | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| CaZn stabiliser | 0.8–2.0 | 0.5–1.2 | 1.0–2.0 |
| Lubricant | 0.6–1.5 | 0.5–1.2 | 0.8–1.5 |
| Impact modifier | 0 | 0–2 | 3–6 |
| Calcium carbonate | 2–10 | 10–30 | 0–5 |
| Titanium dioxide | 0.5–1.0 | 0.3–0.8 | 0.5–1.0 |
| Processing aid | 0–1.5 | 0–0.8 | 0–1.5 |
Long-term exposure performance in rigid profile extrusion is constrained less by initial colour than by the stabiliser system’s capacity to neutralise liberated HCl without accumulating zinc chloride at the rutile TiO2 surface, which accelerates chalking. A typical window profile formulation uses 100 phr suspension PVC with K-value 66–68, 3.5–5.0 phr calcium–zinc stabiliser, 6–8 phr acrylic impact modifier, 8–10 phr rutile titanium dioxide, 5–8 phr calcium carbonate, and 1.0–2.0 phr of an internal/external lubricant combination. Raising stabiliser beyond 5.0 phr does not linearly improve weatherability and may increase plate-out on calibrator surfaces; reducing TiO2 below 8 phr violates the UV opacity required by EN 12608-1 for exposed profiles. The compound is extruded on counter-rotating twin-screw lines with L/D ratios of 30–35 and barrel zones 165–195 °C; a co-extruded virgin cap layer over a recycled core layer is standard on production lines to satisfy surface quality and weather resistance. Vacuum calibration, hot embossing, and on-line punching follow. Compliance is verified through EN 12608-1 for unplasticized PVC profiles, ISO 1163-1 for compound classification, ASTM D2244 for colour change, EN 513 for tensile impact after weathering, and EN 477 for corner strength of welded frames. Products include window and door frames, sliding profiles, cladding, and fencing. The processing constraint is the melt temperature ceiling of 205 °C; exceeding it consumes the Ca/Zn stabiliser rapidly, producing yellowing and reduced impact energy.
During single-screw jacketing of PVC-P compounds, the high filler loading required for flame retardancy increases melt viscosity and accelerates screw and barrel wear on lines with 60–90 mm diameter and L/D 24–30. Flexible jacketing compounds are formulated with 100 phr suspension PVC of K-value 70–75, 30–50 phr DINP or DIDP plasticiser, 5–8 phr calcium–zinc stabiliser, 2–5 phr antimony trioxide, 20–50 phr aluminium trihydroxide, 0.5–1.0 phr lubricant, and 0.2–0.5 phr antioxidant. Extrusion is performed through a crosshead die at 140–170 °C with a barrier screw to avoid unmelted particles, and the conductor is preheated to 80–120 °C to prevent uneven insulation thickness. After jacket stripping, tensile strength retention after ageing at 100 °C for 168 h is assessed under IEC 60811-401; insulation volume resistivity must exceed 1×10¹² Ω·cm at 20 °C. Compliance for building wire includes IEC 60502-1 and BS EN 50363-3, while automotive cables follow ISO 6722-1. Terminal products include building wire insulation, control cable sheathing, and low-voltage automotive cables. RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU restricts lead, and phthalate limits may force substitution to DINP/DOTP or DINCH depending on export market. Table 2 provides the cable compound compliance checklist.
| Test or requirement | Standard designation | Condition or limit |
|---|---|---|
| Single vertical flame propagation | IEC 60332-1-2 | No flame spread beyond acceptance limit |
| Tensile strength retention | IEC 60811-401 | 100 °C, 168 h |
| Volume resistivity | IEC 60093 | ≥1×10¹² Ω·cm at 20 °C |
| Low-temperature bending | IEC 60811-504 | -15 °C, no cracks |
| Hazardous substances | RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU | Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr-VI, PBDE, PBB limits |
The central processing boundary in flexible medical tubing is sterilisation tolerance, not plastication energy. Ethylene-sourced PVC compounds replace DEHP with TOTM or DINCH at 30–50 phr per 100 phr K-value 70–75 resin, with 0.4–1.0 phr calcium–zinc stabiliser, 3–5 phr epoxidised soybean oil, 0.3–0.8 phr lubricant, and 0.1–0.3 phr antioxidant. Compounding is executed on a co-rotating twin-screw line at 150–170 °C followed by pelletising; tubing is then extruded on a single-screw line with vacuum sizing and closed-loop OD measurement to maintain ±0.05 mm tolerance on drain and infusion tubing. Gamma irradiation at 25–50 kGy can generate free radicals and shift colour, so formulations include radiation-stable plasticisers and minimal unsaturated co-stabilisers. Ethylene oxide exposure requires post-sterilisation aeration to reduce residual gas below 4 mg/day under ISO 10993-7. Extraction testing follows ISO 10993-12, with cytotoxicity via ISO 10993-5, sensitisation via ISO 10993-10, and systemic endpoints per USP <88> Class VI. Terminal products include intravenous infusion tubing, dialysis lines, blood storage bags, and respiratory circuits. The processing limitation is moisture sensitivity: pre-drying at 60–80 °C for 2 h is required if storage RH exceeds 60 %; otherwise hydrolytic degradation of the stabiliser reduces long-term clarity and colour stability.
Plastisol coating viscosity at 25 °C, measured by Brookfield RV at 20 rpm, determines the transfer efficiency of knife-over-roll and reverse-roll coaters on glass-fibre reinforcement. In commercial resilient flooring, a paste PVC with K-value 72–80 is formulated at 100 phr with 30–60 phr DINP or DOTP, 50–150 phr ground calcium carbonate, 2–4 phr calcium–zinc stabiliser, 1–3 phr titanium dioxide, and 0–3 phr azodicarbonamide for foamed layers. If viscosity drops below 3,000 mPa·s, coating weight control becomes unstable, the glass-fibre scrim can be penetrated too deeply, and gelation in the 180–210 °C tunnel produces surface pinholes and uneven foam cell structure; viscosity above 6,000 mPa·s creates flow lines and inadequate wet-out. The production route includes high-shear dispersion, vacuum deaeration at -0.09 MPa, knife-over-roll coating at 1.0–3.5 mm wet thickness, gelation, hot embossing, and UV-cured or polyurethane topcoating. Wear performance is verified under EN 649 and ISO 10582, including residual indentation and wear group classification; ASTM F1700 governs luxury vinyl plank testing. Terminal products include heterogeneous sheet flooring, homogeneous tile, luxury vinyl tile, and sports flooring. Chemical resistance and cleanliness comply with REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006; plasticiser migration to adhesives is assessed by internal compatibility testing because published data for specific adhesive combinations is limited.
In rigid pharmaceutical blister sheet production, the selected resin is suspension PVC with K-value 57–60, because higher K-values reduce thermoforming definition and lower K-values weaken impact resistance in thin-gauge sheet. The compound consists of 100 phr resin, 8–12 phr MBS impact modifier, 1–2 phr acrylic processing aid, 1.0–1.5 phr lubricant, and 1.5–2.5 phr Ca/Zn stabiliser. The sheet is extruded on a twin-screw line into 0.20–0.40 mm gauge, polished through a three-roll stack at 160–190 °C, slit, and then thermoformed at 110–140 °C on plug-assist machines. For food and pharmaceutical contact, compliance is assessed under EU 10/2011/EC for overall migration 10 mg/dm² and vinyl chloride monomer release 1 mg/kg; FDA 21 CFR 177.1980 and FDA 21 CFR 175.300 govern the resin and coating components. Terminal products include blister lidding base webs, clamshell packs, pharmaceutical trays, and retail packaging. The limitation is moisture barrier; PVC is not suitable for high-moisture products without PVDC or PCTFE lamination, which moves the structure to multi-layer co-extrusion.
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Ethylene-based polyvinyl chloride (S-PVC) denotes a suspension homopolymer resin in which vinyl chloride monomer is generated through the ethylene oxychlorination and 1,2-dichloroethane pyrolysis sequence rather than through acetylene hydrochlorination. The designation does not identify an ethylene-vinyl chloride copolymer. Commercial product specifications are expressed as K-value, apparent bulk density, plasticizer absorption, sieve retention, whiteness index, and residual vinyl chloride monomer. Common grade designations include SG-3, SG-5, SG-7, and SG-8. A representative SG-5 resin presents a K-value of 66–68 under ISO 1628-2, apparent bulk density of 0.45–0.55 g/cm³ under ISO 60, and residual VCM below 1 μg/g by ISO 6401. The resin is supplied as a free-flowing powder for compounders; it is not a ready-to-mould compound.
Acetylene-route VCM is produced by catalytic hydrochlorination of acetylene over a mercuric chloride catalyst, while the ethylene route uses direct chlorination and oxychlorination with a copper chloride catalyst, followed by EDC pyrolysis at 480–530 °C. Once polymerized, the PVC backbone is identical. Differences are therefore limited to monomer-supply chemistry, trace-metal profiles, and environmental load: the ethylene route avoids mercury-based catalyst and carbide slag. Ethylene-route economics are nevertheless tied to ethylene and chlorine availability, while carbide-route economics depend on electricity and coke. For resin users, lot-to-lot rheology is governed by K-value and particle morphology, not by feedstock origin. Purchasing specifications should therefore fix physical and residual-monomer parameters rather than feedstock declaration.
| Parameter | Method | SG-5 typical | SG-8 typical |
|---|---|---|---|
| K-value | ISO 1628-2 | 66–68 | 55–57 |
| Apparent bulk density | ISO 60 | 0.45–0.55 g/cm³ | 0.45–0.55 g/cm³ |
| Plasticizer absorption at room temperature | ISO 4608 | 17–25 g/100 g | 12–18 g/100 g |
| Residual vinyl chloride monomer | ISO 6401 | ≤1 μg/g | ≤1 μg/g |
| Sieve retention on 250 µm | ISO 4610 | ≤0.5% | ≤0.5% |
The tabulated values are representative industrial ranges; contractual limits vary by producer and production site.
Processing conflict arises because the gelation and fusion window of ethylene-route SG-5 resin overlaps the dehydrochlorination onset of PVC. In lead-free Ca-Zn-stabilized rigid pipe dry blends, the practical melt-temperature window narrows to approximately 185–200 °C. On a counter-rotating conical twin-screw extruder with L/D 25:1 and screw diameter 45–65 mm, typical barrel setpoints are 160–175 °C in the feed zone, 170–185 °C in the compression zone, and 175–190 °C at the die adapter. An immersion melt probe downstream of the screw tip must remain below 205 °C; excursions above 210 °C for more than 120 s initiate rapid hydrogen chloride evolution. Thermal stability is screened by Congo red time under ISO 182-1. A Ca-Zn one-pack formulation with adequate lubricant balance may show Congo red time above 30 min at 180 °C, falling below 15 min at 210 °C. Published data for a specific one-pack system varies with filler and lubricant loading. The practical consequence is that screw speed and barrel settings must be adjusted when switching from lead-based to Ca-Zn stabilizers, with no more than ±5 °C variation across the die face.
Fusion degree in rigid pipe is targeted at 60–75% by differential scanning calorimetry. Below 60% impact strength measured by ISO 179-1 may fall in unmodified pipe; above 75% melt strength and surface gloss measured by ASTM D2457 can deteriorate. External vacuum venting and screw temperature control are required. Batch-to-batch variance in K-value of even 1–2 units can shift fusion time and melt pressure; resin blends are sometimes used to normalize feeding.
For pressure pipe, the compounded resin is qualified by long-term hydrostatic strength under ISO 9080, with unplasticized PVC commonly assigned a minimum required strength of 25 MPa. Pipe dimensions and tolerances are assessed under ISO 1452-2. These standards apply to the finished pipe, not to the resin alone.
Injection moulding of rigid PVC fittings from ethylene-route SG-8 resin uses a lower melt viscosity than pipe grades. The moulding machine should have a clamp force sufficient for the projected area, and barrel temperature profiles are commonly 160–185 °C from feed to nozzle. Injection speed is set to avoid shear splay; mould temperature is held at 20–40 °C because high mould temperature slows skin formation and increases cycle time. Screws with low compression ratio 1.8:1 to 2.2:1 are selected to reduce shear heating. At 200 °C melt temperature, surface discolouration can appear unless stabilizer level is raised.
Flexible compound preparation with SG-3 or SG-5 ethylene-route resin uses a hot-mix cycle at 110–130 °C to absorb 40–60 phr DINP or DOTP. Extrusion of plasticized dry blends on a single-screw extruder with L/D 30:1 and a barrier screw is stable when melt temperature is maintained below 180 °C. Tensile properties of laboratory-sheeted compounds are determined by ISO 527-2; a 50 phr DOTP formulation typically exhibits elongation at break above 250%, but the value is formulation-dependent. Plasticizer migration under accelerated contact is assessed by ISO 177. Ethylene-route resin does not alter this behaviour unless residual ionic species or gel particles are introduced upstream; contracts should specify gel count and black speck limits.
Plasticizer absorption measured by ISO 4608 is a morphological parameter. Resin grains with higher internal porosity absorb plasticizer more quickly during high-speed mixing, producing free-flowing dry blends with less free liquid. For SG-5 resin, plasticizer absorption of 17–25 g/100 g supports dry-blend vinyl flooring and cable compounds; below 17 g/100 g, the powder may remain wet and agglomerate. Above 25 g/100 g, the powder may carry excess air and reduce bulk density. The practical consequence is that mixer time and temperature are set to reach a powder temperature of 110–130 °C, where polyvinyl chloride grains swell and absorb plasticizer; the batch is then discharged to a cooler. Failure to reach this range leaves unabsorbed plasticizer and causes screw slip in the extruder.
Calendering of rigid film uses ethylene-route SG-5 or SG-7 resin with organotin or Ca-Zn stabilizer. The four-roll calendar is operated with roll temperatures from 165 °C to 185 °C; roll-speed ratios are adjusted to control bank marks and thickness tolerance. Thickness variation is measured by ISO 4593. Resin bulk density below 0.45 g/cm³ can reduce feeding and increase air entrapment.
Cellular PVC extrusion for board and wood-plastic composites typically uses SG-5 or SG-7 resin with azodicarbonamide blowing agent. The decomposition onset of azodicarbonamide is near 195–205 °C, which overlaps the upper end of PVC processing. The resulting die-temperature band is narrow, commonly 175–190 °C, and melt-pressure variation is held below ±0.5 MPa. Published data for specific ethylene-route feedstock in cellular board is limited because screw design and gas-injection hardware dominate cell structure. Laboratory screening should measure melt viscosity stability and gas pressure before production trials.
Substitution is not automatically drop-in. The incoming resin lot must demonstrate K-value, bulk density, and sieve distribution within the same ranges as the qualified resin. For medical tubing and blood-bag compounds, residual VCM is controlled below 1 μg/g by ISO 6401 or ASTM D3749. Biocompatibility is an attribute of the finished device, not the raw resin; evaluation follows ISO 10993-1, ISO 10993-5, and ISO 10993-10. Trace-metal data by ICP-MS are normally supplied because the ethylene route eliminates mercury catalyst; however, iron, copper, and nickel can enter from downstream equipment. Storage conditions are limited to below 40 °C and 0.3% moisture to prevent caking and microbiological growth. Avoid blending with amine-containing additives because amine functionalities can accelerate dehydrochlorination and produce colour bodies.
Raw resin is not a finished article; regulatory compliance is therefore assessed at the compound or article level. The following matrix lists test designations commonly referenced in shipment specifications.
| Requirement | Designation | Typical limit or scope |
|---|---|---|
| Residual VCM | ISO 6401 / ASTM D3749 | ≤1 μg/g |
| Phthalate content in formulated compound | RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU | DEHP, BBP, DBP, DIBP 0.1% w/w per homogeneous material |
| Food-contact migration | FDA 21 CFR 177.1980; EU Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 | Migration limits as specified by food type and contact conditions |
| REACH SVHC communication | Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 | Article 33 notification if SVHC exceeds 0.1% w/w |
Ethylene-based PVC should not be confused with ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer or poly(ethylene-co-vinyl chloride). Ethylene-based S-PVC is a homopolymer of vinyl chloride. Chlorinated PVC is produced by post-chlorination of suspension PVC to 63–69% chlorine by weight, increasing Vicat softening temperature from approximately 75–85 °C for unplasticized PVC to above 100 °C in CPVC, as determined by ISO 306. CPVC also exhibits higher melt viscosity and requires higher processing temperatures; impact-modified grades are often needed for pressure pipe. Against flexible PVC, rigid ethylene-route S-PVC has low elongation and is embrittled below 0 °C unless impact-modified. These distinctions are governed by composition and formulation rather than feedstock route.
In wire and cable insulation, ethylene-route SG-5 resin is plasticized with phthalate-free trimellitate or polymeric plasticizers for enhanced high-temperature service. Compounding on a twin-screw extruder with L/D 40:1 is conducted with barrel temperatures below 170 °C to prevent pre-crosslinking or dehydrochlorination. Finished insulation is tested for tensile properties by ISO 527-2, elongation retention after accelerated ageing by IEC 60811-401, and low-temperature performance by IEC 60811-504. The use of an ethylene-route resin does not eliminate the need for antioxidant and acid-scavenger packages; residual VCM and ionic contamination must remain controlled because they influence volume resistivity in wet conditions.
